Redefining serological diagnostics with immunoaffinity proteomics

Table 1 Clinical needs addressed with serological testing

Clinical Need	Disease/Pathogen/Agent	Isotypes (measured routinely)	Major subclasses (not measured routinely)	References
Prenatal screening	Rubella	IgG, IgM	IgG1, IgG3	[181]
	Varicella	IgG, IgM	IgG1, IgG3	[182]
	HIV	IgG, IgM	IgG1, IgG3	[183]
	Syphilis	IgG, IgM	IgG1, IgG3	[184]
	Chlamydia	IgG, IgM	IgG1, IgG3	[185]
Blood transfusion	Babesiosis	IgG, IgM, IgA		[186]
	Malaria	IgG, IgM, IgA		[187]
Viral hepatitis	Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E	IgG, IgM	IgG1, IgG3	[14, 16]
Streptococcal Infections	Streptococcus pneumoniae	IgG, IgM	IgG2	[188]
Travel-related Infections	Yellow Fever	IgG, IgM		[19]
	Typhoid Fever	IgG		[20]
	Influenza Virus	IgG	IgG1, IgG3	[22]
Emerging infections	COVID-19	IgG, IgM, IgA	IgG1, IgG3	[10, 28]
	Dengue	IgG, IgM		[24]
	West Nile Virus	IgG, IgM		[25]
Autoimmune diseases	Rheumatoid arthritis	IgG, IgM	IgG1, IgG4	[2, 189]
	Crohn’s disease	IgA, IgG	IgG1, IgG2	[33, 190]
	Ulcerative colitis	IgA, IgG	IgG1, IgG2	[34, 190]
	Autoimmune gastritis	IgG, IgM		[191]
	Celiac disease	IgA, IgG	IgG1, IgG3	[3]
	Multiple sclerosis	IgG, IgM	IgG1, IgG2	[41]
	Systemic lupus erythematosus	IgA, IgG, IgM	IgG1, IgG4	[44, 45]
	IgG4-related diseases	IgG	IgG4	[192]
Amyloidosis	Amyloid fibrils	IgA, IgG, IgM	IgG1	[193]
Cancer	General	IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM	IgG1	[8, 55]
	Cancer/testis antigens	IgG		[194]
	Mutated proteins	IgA, IgG, IgM		[195, 196]
	Gene fusion proteins	unknown; CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T lymphocytes		[197, 198]
Infertility	Spermatozoa proteins	IgA, IgG, IgM	IgG1, IgG3	[51]
Allergy	Numerous allergens	IgE, IgG	IgG4	[199]

ISSN: 1559-0275